John 1:1 What do scholars say?

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=130 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="084f0f21egerdp.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#66334C" FACE="Arial" ><B><IMG SRC="042203c0.jpg" border=0 width="32" height="60" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></FONT><FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#66334C" FACE="Arial" ><B>Crossbearer.net</B></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#66334C" FACE="Arial" ><B>      | </B></FONT><B>    </B><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Crossbearer.net"><U><B>home</B></U></A><B>     </B><A HREF="id226.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Armageddon"><U>Armageddon</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id223.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Blood"><U>Blood</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id212.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Cross"><U>Cross</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id213.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Death"><U>Death</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id224.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Earth "><U>Earth </U></A>   |   <A HREF="id225.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Heaven"><U>Heaven</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id222.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Interfaith"><U>Interfaith</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id214.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jehovah God"><U>Jehovah God</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id219.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jehovahs Witness"><U>Jehovah's Witness</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id220.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Lords Meal"><U>Lord's Meal</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id221.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Return of Christ"><U>Return of Christ</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id216.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Salvation"><U>Salvation</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id217.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Eternal Life"><U>Eternal Life</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id218.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Trinity"><U>Trinity</U></A>   |   <B>John 1:1  What do scholars say?</B>   |   <A HREF="id238.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Where are the Dead?"><U>Where are the Dead?</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id245.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Wisdom"><U>Wisdom</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id254.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Former J.Ws."><U>Former J.W's.</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id293.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Subliminal Images"><U>Subliminal Images</U></A>          Return to <A HREF="id215.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jesus"><U>Jesus</U></A> page        <A HREF="id194.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jesus is Jehovah!"><U>Jesus is Jehovah</U></A>     <A HREF="id174.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Seeing God"><U>Seeing God</U></A>    <A HREF="id66.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Cross or Stake?"><U>Cross or the Stake</U></A> </div> <bR> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=150 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="083f2f02egerdp.jpg"> <div>  <IMG SRC="https://members.tripod.com/bin/counter/id237.htm?FF0000" ALT="[Tripod Counter]">  </div> <div> Write me: <A HREF="id18.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact Me"><U>e-mail</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id205.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jehovahs Witnesses"><U>Home JW page</U></A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#66334C" FACE="Arial" > </FONT></div> <div> Return to <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Studies on Cults and Religions"><U>Studies on Cults and Religions</U></A></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="http://www.biblegateway.com/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.biblegateway.com/"><U>Bible search</U></A><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#66334C" FACE="Arial" > click here to find a Bible verse. (open in New Window to retain this web page)</FONT></div> <bR> <div> Study on the deity of <A HREF="id215.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jesus"><U>Jesus Christ</U></A></div> <bR> <div> For a complete review of the J.W. cult by a former J.W., go to Erich Grieshaber's <A HREF="http://www.blueletterbible.org/study/cults/exposejw/" TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://www.blueletterbible.org/study/cul"><U>Expose of Jehovah's Witnesses</U></A></div> </td> <td valign="top" height=350 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="086f0f03.jpg"> <div> <I>John 1:1  What do scholars say?</I></div> <bR> <div> Following are comments by some of the experts in the field of Biblical languages: </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. J. R. Mantey</B> (who is quoted on pages 1158-1159) of the Witnesses own <U>Kingdom Interlinear</U> TransIation): "A shocking mistranslation. "Obsolete and incorrect." It is neither scholarly nor reasonable to translate John 1 :1 "The Word was a god.' </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. B. F. Westcott</B> (whose Greek text not the English part is used in the <U>Kingdom InterIinear</U> Translation): "The predicate (God) stands emphatically first, as in iv. 24. It is necessarily without the article. . . . No idea of inferiority of nature is suggested by the form of expression, which simply affirms the true deity of the Word. . . . in the third clause "the Word" is declared to be "GOD." and so included in the unity of the Godhead." </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. Bruce M. Metzger</B> of Princeton (Professor of New Testament Language and Literature): "A frightful mistranslation." "Erroneous" and "pernicious" "Irepre-hensible" , " If the Jehovah's Witnesses take this translation seriously, they are polytheists." </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. Samuel J. Mikolaski</B> of Zurich, Switzerland: "This anarthrous (used without the article) construction does not mean what the indefinite article "a'" means in English. It is monstrous to translate the phrase "the Word was a god." </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. Paul L. Kaufman</B> of Portland, Oregon: "The Jehovah's Witnesses people evidence an abysmal ignorance of the basic tenets of Greek grammar In their mistranslation of John 1 :1 " </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. Charles L. Feinberg</B> of La Mirada, California: "I can assure you that the rendering which the Jehovah's Witnesses give John 1:1 is <U>not held by any reputable Greek scholar</U>" . </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. James L. Boyer</B> of Winona Lake, Indiana: "I have never heard of , or read of <U>any Greek Scholar</U> who would agree to the interpretation of this verse insisted upon by the Jehovah's Witnesses . . . I have never encountered one of them who had any knowledge of the Greek language." </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. Walter Martin</B> (late): "The translation "a god" instead of "GOD' is erroneous and <U>unsupported by any good Greek scholarship</U>, ancient or contemporary and is a translation rejected by all recognized scholars of the Greek language many of whom are not even Christ-ians, and cannot fairly be said to be biased in favor of the orthodox contention." .. </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. William Barclay</B> of the University of Glasgow , Scotland: "The deliberate distortion of truth by this sect is seen in their New testament translations John 1:1 is translated: ". . the Word was a god," a translation which is grammatically impossible. . . . It is abundantly clear that a sect which can translate the New Testament like that is <U>intellectually dishonest</U>." </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. F. F. Bruce</B> of the University of Manchester, England: "Much is made by <U>Arian amateur grammarians</U> of the omission of the definite article with "God" in the phrase "And the Word was God." Such an omission is common with nouns in a predicative construction. . . . "a god" would be totally indefensible". </div> <div> (Barclay and Bruce are generaIIy regarded as Great Britain's Ieading Greek scholars. Both have New Testament translations in print!) </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr . Ernest C. Colwell</B> of the University of Chicago; "A definite predicate nominative has the article when it follows the verb; it does not have the article when it precedes the verb. . . this statement cannot be regarded as strange in the prologue of the gospel which reaches its climax in the confession of Thomas. "My Lord and my God." - John 20; 28.". </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. Philip B. Harner</B> of Heidelberg College: "The verb preceding an anarthrous predicate, would probably mean that the Iogos was "a god" or a divine being of some kind, belonging to the general category of theos but as a distinct being from ho theos. In the form that John actually uses, the word "theos" is placed at the beginning for emphasis." </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. J. Johnson</B> of California State University, Long Beach: "No Justification whatsoever for translating theos en ho logos as "the Word was a god." There is no syntactical parallel to Acts 23:6 where there is a statement in indirect discourse; John 1:1 is direct. . . I am neither a Christian nor a trinitarian." </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. Eugene A. Nida</B>, head of Translations Department, American Bible Society: "With regard to John. 1 .1 , there is of course a complication simply because the New World Translation was apparently done by persons who did not take seriously the syntax of the Greek." (Responsible for the Good News Bible- The committee worked under him.) </div> <bR> <div> <B>Dr. J. J. Griesbach</B> (whose Greek text, not the English parts used in the Emphatic Diaglott ): </div> <div> "So numerous, and clear are the arguments and testimonies of Scriptures in favor of the true Deity of Christ, that I can hardly imagine how, upon the admission of the Divine authority of Scripture, and with regard to fair rules of interpretation, this doctrine can by any man be called in doubt. Especially the passage, John 1: 1-3, is so clear and so superior to all exception, that by no daring efforts of either commentators or critics can it be snatched out of the hands of the defenders of the truth". </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><U>Other scriptures without the definite article</U></B></div> <bR> <div> The following passages, as with John 1:1, also identified the word "God" in the Greek scriptures <U>without</U> the use of the definite article as in John 1:1. Yet, if you will see the NWT, the Watchtower does not translate these passages as "a god"  as they did in John 1:1! The following are quoted directly from the 1984 New World Translation.</div> <bR> <div> John 1:6       <I>There arose a man sent forth as a representative of </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#660000" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>God</B></I><I>,</I></FONT><I> his name was John</I>.       (<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>no definite article</B></FONT>)</div> <bR> <div> John 1:13       <I>and they were born, not from blood, or from a fleshly will, or from man's will, but from</I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#660099" FACE="Arial" ><I> </I></FONT><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#660000" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>God</B></I></FONT><I>.</I>       (<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>no definite article</B></FONT>)</div> <bR> <div> John 1:18       <I>No man hath seen </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#660000" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>God</B></I></FONT><I> at any time; the only begotten god, who is in the bosom with the Father is the one that has explained him.           </I> (<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>no definite article</B></FONT>)</div> <bR> <div> John 8:54       <I>Jesus answered, If I glorify myself, my glory is nothing: it is my Father that glorifies me; he who YOU say is YOUR </I><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#660000" FACE="Arial" ><I><B>God</B></I><I>.           </I></FONT><I> </I>(<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>no definite article</B></FONT><B> </B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#111111" FACE="Arial" > <B>Noun/Nominative case as in John 1:1)</B></FONT></div> <bR> <div> Each of the above scriptures, clearly speaking of God the Father, could NOT be translated by the Watchtower as "a god" without creating suspicion by their followers. Yet, each of these passages are written in the Greek, <U>without</U> the definite article, as in John 1:1!  </div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><U>Scholars' explination for the "missing" definite article!</U></B></div> <bR> <div> John 1:1</div> <div> <B>And the Word was God</B> (<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="TITUS Cyberbit Basic" ><I>kai theos e¯n ho logos</I></FONT>). By exact and careful language John denied Sabellianism by not saying <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="TITUS Cyberbit Basic" ><I>ho theos e¯n ho logos</I></FONT>. That would mean that all of God was expressed in <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="TITUS Cyberbit Basic" ><I>ho logos</I></FONT>  and the terms would be interchangeable, each having the article. The subject is made plain by the article (<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="TITUS Cyberbit Basic" ><I>ho logos</I></FONT>) and the predicate without it (<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="TITUS Cyberbit Basic" ><I>theos</I></FONT>) just as in <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#008000" FACE="Georgia" ><U>Joh_4:24</U></FONT> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="TITUS Cyberbit Basic" ><I>pneuma ho theos</I></FONT>  can only mean "God is spirit," not "spirit is God." So in <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#008000" FACE="Georgia" ><U>1Jo_4:16</U></FONT> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="TITUS Cyberbit Basic" ><I>ho theos agape¯ estin</I></FONT> can only mean "God is love," not "love is God" as a so-called Christian scientist would confusedly say. For the article with the predicate see Robertson, <I>Grammar</I>, pp. 767f. So in <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#008000" FACE="Georgia" ><U>Joh_1:14</U></FONT> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="TITUS Cyberbit Basic" ><I>ho Logos sarx egeneto</I></FONT>, "the Word became flesh," not "the flesh became Word." Luther argues that here John disposes of Arianism also because the Logos was eternally God, fellowship of Father and Son, what Origen called the Eternal Generation of the Son (each necessary to the other). Thus in the Trinity we see personal fellowship on an equality.  (Robertson's Word Pictures)</div> <bR> <div> <B>And the Word was God </B>(<FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="TITUS Cyberbit Basic" ><I>kai theos e¯n ho logos</I></FONT>)</div> <div> In the Greek order, <I>and</I> <I>God</I> <I>was</I> <I>the</I> <I>Word</I>, which is followed by Anglo-Saxon, Wyc., and Tynd. But Theos, <I>God</I>, is the <I>predicate</I> and not the <I>subject</I> of the proposition. The subject must be the Word; for John is not trying to show who is God, but who is the Word. Notice that Theos<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="TITUS Cyberbit Basic" > </FONT>is without the article, which could not have been omitted if he had meant to designate the word as God; because, in that event, Theos<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#0000FF" FACE="TITUS Cyberbit Basic" > </FONT>would have been ambiguous; perhaps <I>a</I> God.  (Vincent's Word Studies)</div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> The notable Greek scholars agree, by proper Greek grammer, the reason that the article is omitted here in John 1:1, is because John was defining who the "Word" was, not who "God" was! To include the article in John 1:1, would change the entire structure and meaning of the verse to be defining who "God" was, instead of defining who the "Word" was! Instead of saying "and the Word was God," by including the article it would say "and God was the Word" which was not the intent of John! </div> <bR> <div> No doubt the Watchtower is aware of this fact, but has hidden it from their flock. If they were to reveal this truth to their subjects, their followers would realize they are lying about their false teachings about the Christ and this anti-christ group would cease to exist. Since John 1:1 is a key scripture identifying that Jesus is God, it is most vital for them to continue to hide the truth! Thomas knew the truth, and declared the deity of Christ when he finally believed:</div> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Arial" ><A HREF="id215_jesus_the__god.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jesus"><U>John 20:28-29</U></A></FONT>     <I>And Thomas answered and said unto him, My Lord and my God. [29] Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed. </I></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Georgia" >If you came to this page from the study </FONT>Is <A HREF="id215__a__god.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jesus"><U>Jesus "a" god</U></A>?<FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Georgia" >  click here to return to the same place! </FONT></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <A HREF="id226.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Armageddon"><U>Armageddon</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id223.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Blood"><U>Blood</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id212.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Cross"><U>Cross</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id213.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Death"><U>Death</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id224.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Earth "><U>Earth </U></A>   |   <A HREF="id225.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Heaven"><U>Heaven</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id222.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Interfaith"><U>Interfaith</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id214.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jehovah God"><U>Jehovah God</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id219.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Jehovahs Witness"><U>Jehovah's Witness</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id220.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Lords Meal"><U>Lord's Meal</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id221.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Return of Christ"><U>Return of Christ</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id216.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Salvation"><U>Salvation</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id217.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Eternal Life"><U>Eternal Life</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id218.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Trinity"><U>Trinity</U></A>   |   <B>John 1:1  What do scholars say?</B>   |   <A HREF="id238.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Where are the Dead?"><U>Where are the Dead?</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id245.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Wisdom"><U>Wisdom</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id254.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Former J.Ws."><U>Former J.W's.</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id293.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Subliminal Images"><U>Subliminal Images</U></A> </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>